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Testosterone is a crucial hormone primarily produced in the testicles in men and in smaller amounts in the ovaries and adrenal glands in women. This hormone plays a vital role in numerous bodily functions including muscle mass development, bone density maintenance, fat distribution, red blood cell production, and sexual function. In men, testosterone levels naturally peak during adolescence and early adulthood, then gradually decline with age, typically decreasing by about one percent per year after age 30.

Testing testosterone levels through blood work can help diagnose various medical conditions. In men, low testosterone levels may indicate hypogonadism, a condition where the body doesn't produce enough of this hormone. Symptoms of low testosterone can include reduced sex drive, erectile dysfunction, decreased energy, loss of muscle mass, increased body fat, mood changes, and difficulty concentrating. High testosterone levels in men are less common but can occur with certain tumors or steroid use. In women, elevated testosterone levels may suggest conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, adrenal disorders, or ovarian tumors, and can cause symptoms such as irregular periods, excess facial and body hair, acne, and male-pattern baldness.

The testosterone test is typically performed using a blood sample drawn from a vein, usually in the morning when testosterone levels are at their highest. There are different types of testosterone measurements including total testosterone, which measures both bound and free testosterone in the blood, and free testosterone, which measures only the hormone that is not attached to proteins. Some laboratories also measure bioavailable testosterone, which includes free testosterone plus testosterone loosely bound to albumin. Your healthcare provider will determine which test is most appropriate based on your symptoms and medical history.

Preparation for a testosterone test may require fasting, and your doctor might recommend having the blood drawn in the early morning hours between 7 and 10 AM when testosterone levels peak. Certain medications, including steroids and hormones, can affect test results, so it's important to inform your healthcare provider about all medications and supplements you're taking. Normal testosterone ranges vary by age, sex, and the laboratory performing the test. For adult men, normal total testosterone typically ranges from 300 to 1,000 nanograms per deciliter, while for adult women, normal ranges are much lower, typically between 15 and 70 nanograms per deciliter. If your results fall outside the normal range, your healthcare provider may recommend additional testing or treatment options based on your individual circumstances and symptoms.